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The
following is a list of UNIX commands that you might find
helpful when modifying your web sites on the server.
Most UNIX commands have many options and parameters
which are not listed here. For more complete information
on using UNIX commands, you can refer to the online
manual by typing man [command] at the
UNIX prompt, where "[command]" represents the
command you would like more information about. Other
UNIX help commands you can type are [command] -?
and [command] --help.
Note:
When something is specified in brackets, such as [command]
or [filename], it is used to indicate
that you must input your desired information here. Do
NOT include brackets in your command.
Navigating
in UNIX
| pwd |
Shows
the full path of the current directory |
| ls |
Lists
all the files in the current directory |
| ls
-al |
Lists
all files and information |
| ls
–alR |
Lists
all files and information in all
subdirectories |
| ls
-alR | more |
Same
as ls –alR, pausing when screen
becomes full |
| ls
-alR > filename.txt |
Same
as ls –alR, outputs the results to a
file |
| ls
-al /home/usr/bob/ |
Lists
files and information for /home/usr/bob |
| ls
*.html |
Lists
all files ending with .html |
| cd
[directory name] |
Changes
to a new directory |
| cd
.. |
Changes
to directory above current one |
Moving,
Copying and Deleting Files
| mv
[old filename] [new filename] |
Move/rename
a file |
| cp
[filename] [new filename] |
Copies
a file |
| rm
[filename] |
Deletes
a file |
| rm
* |
Deletes
all files in current directory |
| rm
*.html |
Deletes
all files ending in .html |
Creating,
Moving, Copying and Deleting Directories
| mkdir
[directory name] |
Creates
a new directory |
| ls
-d */ |
Lists
all directories within current directory |
| cp
-r [directory] [new directory] |
Copies
a directory and all files/directories in it |
|
 |
Searching
Files and Directories
| find
. -name [filename] -print |
Searches
for a file starting with current directory |
| grep
[text] [filename] |
Searches
for text within a file |
File
and Directory Permissions
There are
three levels of file permissions: read, write and
execute. In addition, there are three groups to
which you can assign permissions: file owner, user group
and everyone. The command chmod followed by
three numbers is used to change permissions. The
first number is the permission for the owner, the second
for the group and the third for everyone. Here are
how the levels of permission translate:
| 0
= --- |
No
permission |
| 1
= --X |
Execute
only |
| 2
= -W- |
Write
only |
| 3
= -WX |
Write
and execute |
| 4
= R-- |
Read
only |
| 5
= R-X |
Read
and execute |
| 6
= RW- |
Read
and write |
| 7
= RWX |
Read,
write and execute |
It is
preferred that the group always have permission of 0.
This prevents other users on the server from browsing
files via Telnet and FTP. Here are the most common
file permissions used:
| chmod
604 [filename] |
Minimum
permissions for HTML file |
| chmod
705 [directory name] |
Minimum
permissions for directories |
| chmod
755 [filename] |
Minimum
permissions for scripts & programs |
| chmod
606 [filename] |
Permissions
for data files used by scripts |
| chmod
703 [directory name] |
Write-only
permissions for public FTP uploading |
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